Scientific name
Common name
Arabic name
Authors
Alcea rosea
hollyhock
khiṭmī
Ibn al-'Awwām, Ibn Luyūn
Arbutus unedo
strawberry tree, arbutus
janà aḥmar, maṭrūniya
Abū 'l-Khayr, Ibn al-'Awwām
Berberis vulgaris
barberry
barbārīs, bārbaris
Abū 'l-Khayr
Cappris ovata, C. spinosa
caper bush
kabar, kabbār
Ibn al-'Awwām
Celtis australis
hackberry tree
mays
Abū 'l-Khayr, Ibn al-'Awwām, Ibn Luyūn
Cercis siliquastrum
Judas tree
dhādī
Abū 'l-Khayr, Ibn al-'Awwām, 'Umdat
Citrus aurantium
sour orange
nāranj
Ibn al-'Awwām
Citrus grandis
grapefruit
zanbū', istinbūnī
Ibn al-'Awwām
Citrus limetta; C. aurantifolia; C. limon
lime tree / lemon
līm, laymūn
Ibn al-'Awwām
Citrus medica
citron
utrujj
Ibn al-'Awwām
Colocasia esculenta
taro
qulqās, qulqāṣ
Abū 'l-Khayr, 'Umdat
Crataegus azarolus
azarole
za'rūr
Ibn al-'Awwām
Crocus sativus
saffron
za'farān
Ibn Baṣṣāl
Cupressus sempervirens
cypress
sarw, sarwal
Ibn Wāfid, Ibn al-'Awwām
Elaeagnus angustifolia
oleaster
allohanta (Med. Castilian)
Ibn Baṣṣāl
Epilobium sp.; E. hirsutum, E. angustifolium
fireweed, willowherb
khayrī al-mā'
Ibn al-'Awwām, 'Umdat
Erysimum cheiri; Mathiola incana; Mathiola sp.; Malcolomia littorea; Hesperis laciniata
wallflower, stocks
khayrī
Calendar of Cordoba, Ibn al-'Awwām,
Anonymous Andalusi, Ibn Hajjāj, Ibn Baṣṣāl,
Ibn Luyūn
Gladiolus sp.
gladiolus
sawsan aḥmar
Abū 'l-Khayr, Ibn al-'Awwām
Hedera helix
ivy
qissūs (Romance yidhra)
Ibn al-'Awwām, Abū 'l-Khayr
Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
China hibiscus, China rose
ward al-zīna
Ibn Wāfid, Abū 'l-Khayr, Ibn al-'Awwām, 'Umdat
Iris sp.
iris
sawsan asmanjūnī
Abū 'l-Khayr, Ibn al-'Awwām
Jasminum fruticans
wild jasmine
zayyān
Jasminum nudiflorum
yellow jasmine
yāsamīn aṣfar
as for white jasmine
Jasminum officinale, J. sambac
white jasmine
yāsamīn, yasmīn
Ibn Baṣṣāl, Ibn al-'Awwām, Al-Ṭighnārī,
Ibn Hajjāj, Abū 'l-Khayr, Ibn Luyūn
Laurus nobilis
bay laurel, bay tree
rand, ghār
Ibn al-'Awwām
Lavandula sp., L. vera, L. latifolia, L. multifida
lavender
khuzāma, ustūkhūdhus
Ibn al-'Awwām, 'Umdat
Lawsonia inermis
henna
ḥinnā'
Ibn Baṣṣāl, Ibn al-'Awwām, Abū 'l-Khayr,
Al-Ṭighnārī, Ibn Luyūn
Lilium candidum
lily
sawsan, sawsān
Ibn Luyūn, Abū 'l-Khayr, Ibn al-'Awwām, 'Umdat
Malva sp., Lavatera sp.
mallows, marsh mallow
khubbāzà, mulūkhīyā
'Umdat, Abū 'l-Khayr
Melia azederach
chinaberry tree, Persian lilac
azādarkhat
Ibn Baṣṣāl, Ibn al-'Awwām, Abū 'l-Khayr
Myrtus communis
myrtle
rayḥān, ās
Ibn al-'Awwām, Ibn Luyūn
Narcissus jonquilla, N. serotinus
yellow narcissus
narjis aṣfar, nisrīn
as for narjis or narcissus
Narcissus papyraceus, N. tazetta
white narcissus
narjis abyaḍ, bahār
as for narjis or narcissus
Narcissus poeticus
poet's daffodil
narjis qādūsī
as for narjis or narcissus
Narcissus pseudonarcissus
daffodil
narjis buwāqī
as for narjis or narcissus
Narcissus sp.
narcissus
narjis
Anonymous Andalusi, Ibn Luyūn, Ibn al-'Awwām, Ibn Hajjāj
Nelumbo nucifera
lotus, sacred water lily
nīlūfar aḥmar
'Umdat
Nerium oleander
oleander
diflà
Abū 'l-Khayr, Ibn Luyūn, Ibn al-'Awwām
Nuphar luteum
yellow water lily
nīlūfar aṣfar
Ibn al-'Awwām, Anonymous Andalusi
Nymphaea alba
white water lily
nīlūfar abyaḍ
Ibn al-'Awwām, Anonymous Andalusi, 'Umdat
Nymphaea sp.
water lily
nīlūfar
Abū 'l-Khayr
Ocimum basilicum
basil
ḥabaq
Abū 'l-Khayr, Ibn Luyūn, Ibn al-'Awwām
Phoenix dactylifera
date palm
nakhl
Al-Ṭighnārī, Ibn al-'Awwām
Pinus pinea
stone pine
ṣanawbar
Ibn Wāfid, Ibn al-'Awwām
Prunus avium
gean, wild cherry
ḥabb al-mulūk, qarāṣiyā
Al-Ṭighnārī, Ibn al-'Awwām
Prunus domestica
plum
ijjāṣ, 'uyūn al-baqar
Prunus mahaleb
mahaleb cherry
maḥlab
Punica granatum
wild pomegranate
jullanār
Ibn al-'Awwām, Al-Ṭighnārī
Punica granatum cultivars
cultivated pomegranate
rummān
Rosa sp., mainly Rosa canina, R. gallica, R. sempervirens, R. damascaena
rose
ward
Al-Ṭighnārī, Ibn al-'Awwām, Ibn Luyūn, Ibn Baṣṣāl, Calendar of Cordoba, Ibn Hajjāj, Abū 'l-Khayr
Rosmarinus officinalis
rosemary
iklīl al-jabal
'Umdat
Ruscus aculeatus
butcher's broom
khayzarān
Ibn al-'Awwām
Salix alba
willow, white willow
ṣafṣāf, gharab, sālij, khilāf
Ibn Wāfid, Ibn al-'Awwām
Sorbus aria
whitebeam
mushtahà
Ibn al-'Awwām
Sorbus domestica
service tree
ghubayrā'
Ibn al-'Awwām from Al-Ṭighnārī
Tanacetum, Anthemis, Artemisia, etc.
chamomiles, daisies, etc.
bābūnaj, uqḥuwān
Ibn Luyūn, 'Umdat
Taxus baccata
yew
ṭakhsh
Abū 'l-Khayr
Ulmus minor
elm
nasham
Abū 'l-Khayr, Ibn al-'Awwām
Vinca pervinca, V. difformis, V. minor
periwinkle
ḥabl al-masākīn, binka
Ibn al-'Awwām, 'Umdat
Viola sp., V. tricolor, V. odorata, V. riviniana, V. reichenbanchiana
violet, pansy
banafsaj
Ibn Baṣṣāl, Ibn Luyūn, 'Umdat
Vitis vinifera
vine, grapevine
karm, dāliya
Abū 'l-Khayr, Ibn al-'Awwām, Anonymous Andalusi, Ibn Luyūn
Ziziphus jujuba
jujube
unnāb, zufayzaf, zifzif
Abū 'l-Khayr
Ziziphus lotus
lotus tree
nabq
Ibn al-'Awwām